Types of Surveys for Sociology Research

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research Surveys are valuable research tools within sociology and are commonly used by social scientists for a wide variety of research projects. They are especially useful because they enable researchers to collect data on a mass scale, and to use that data to conduct statistical analyses that reveal conclusive results about how the variety of variables measured interact. The three most common forms of survey research are the questionnaire, interview, and telephone poll   Questionnaires Questionnaires, or printed or digital surveys, are useful because they can be distributed to many people, which means they allow for a large and randomized sample - the hallmark of valid and trustworthy empirical research. Prior to the twenty-first century, it was common for questionnaires to be distributed through the mail. While some organizations and researchers still do this, today, most opt for digital web-based questionnaires. Doing so requires fewer resources and time, and streamlines the data collection and analysis processes. However they are conducted, a commonality among questionnaires is that they feature a set list of questions for participants to respond to by selecting from a set of provided answers. These are closed-ended questions paired with fixed categories of response. While such questionnaires are useful because they allow for a large sample of participants to be reached at low cost and with minimal effort, and they yield clean data ready for analysis, there are also drawbacks to this survey method. In some cases, a respondent may not believe that any of the offered responses accurately represents their views or experiences, which may lead them to not answer or to select an answer that is inaccurate. Also, questionnaires can typically only be used with people who have a registered mailing address, or an email account and access to the internet, so this means that segments of the population without these cannot be studied with this method. Interviews While interviews and questionnaires share the same approach by asking respondents a set of structured questions, they differ in that interviews allow researchers to ask open-ended questions that create more in-depth and nuanced data sets than those afforded by questionnaires. Another key difference between the two is that interviews involve social interaction between the researcher and the participants because they are either conducted in person or over the phone. Sometimes, researchers combine questionnaires and interviews in the same research project by following up some questionnaire responses with more in-depth interview questions. While interviews offer these advantages, they too can have their drawbacks. Because they are based on social interaction between researcher and participant, interviews require a fair degree of trust, especially regarding sensitive subjects, and sometimes this can be difficult to achieve. Further, differences of race, class, gender, sexuality, and culture between researcher and participant can complicate the research collection process. However, social scientists are trained to anticipate these kinds of problems and to deal with them when they arise, so interviews are a common and successful survey research method. Telephone Polls A telephone poll is a questionnaire that is done over the telephone. The response categories are typically pre-defined (closed-ended) with little opportunity for respondents to elaborate their responses. Telephone polls can be very costly and time-consuming, and since the introduction of the Do Not Call Registry, telephone polls have become harder to conduct. Many times respondents are not open to taking these phone calls and hang up before responding to any questions. Telephone polls are used often during political campaigns or to get consumer opinions about a product or service. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The U.S. government reaction to the Enron Scandal Research Paper

The U.S. government reaction to the Enron Scandal - Research Paper Example This paper focuses on response made by the government as a result of Enron scandal. The chaos caused economic losses to it stockholders and people have lost trust to the financial community. It has rendered the Code of Conduct and Ethics an insubstantial piece of covenant that could be disobeyed by seniors when they chose to do so. This paper used published literatures and materials in order to review government’s reaction on the said scandal so that risks of same incident are apprehended. An aftermath of the investigation showed perpetrators of the crime were persecuted, and the creation of a legislative Act that offered strict regulations and changes on the financial reporting. Enron was the 7th biggest corporation in the United States in 2001. It was founded in1985 and was involved in electricity, natural gas, communications and paper companies. The collapse of Enron in 2001 created ripple effects to its investors, its creditors, banks, employees, and the government. It has shattered the confidence of people to the financial markets and brought financial losses to its stakeholders, unemployment, and closure of two giant corporations, the Enron, and Arthur Anderson (AA). AA was also one of the largest accountancy and auditing firms in the world, and was the auditing firm of Enron. A long period of time has passed since then, and it is the duty of the government to take action on this big financial mess. Focus of this paper is to know what have been the reactions of the U.S. government toward this. Methodology Qualitative research using secondary sources of information, published articles, and journals will be used to establish information required. Knowing what the government has done to give justice to the people who lost money and employment will rebuild its trust to the financial system. Background Enron was the 7th biggest corporation in the United States in 2001. It was founded in1985 and was involved in electricity, natural gas, communications an d paper companies, but was better known for its matchless style of business operation of futures trading of gas and electricity and creation of new unusual markets of commodities as broadcast time for advertisers, internet bandwidth, and weather futures. From a $9 billion revenue in 1995, its annual revenues rose to over $100 billion in 2001. So, the world was shocked to find out that it has filed for bankruptcy in the mid -2001. What was unknown to the public before the bankruptcy was that Enron’s reported financial condition was covered with systematic, organized and planned activities to cover up the losses of Enron. The drop of Enron’s stock price from $90 per share in the mid-2000 to less than $1 per share at the end of 2001 caused 11 billion dollars of losses to shareholders (Yuhao Li, 2010). Findings and discussions a. Violations of Ethical Practices Causes of bankruptcy in Enron is a tangled web of unethical practices committed by the Auditor, senior management , laxity of government rules, investment houses, banks and board of directors, stock analysts who kept on pushing Enron’s stocks and media frenzy.(Tesfatsion, L. 2011) Causes of bankruptcy is also deeply seated on breaking the rules of The Code of Conduct and Ethics wherein truthfulness was not followed by management by not announcing the true health of the company and conflict of interest. There was conflict of interest between the role of Andersen as Auditor and as a Consultant for Enron. The report of accounting irregularities on reports of Enron, and the admission of AA’s employees tearing of documents and evidences related to Enron’s involvement had totally eroded AA’s reputation and the quality of his audits on the Accountancy field were put to doubt by his clients. As an Auditor and Consultant of Enron, AA has the duty to inform the shareholders the correct information as the report influences economic benefits for its shareholders. But in this ins tance, Anderson chose to betray the stockholders for his best

Social Science(What is patriarchy How might it operate within the Essay

Social Science(What is patriarchy How might it operate within the contemporary family - Essay Example Interestingly, power has as many different meanings as there are theoretical perspectives. Ferguson (2006) presented two main theorists in the power debate, namely Max Weber and Michel Foucault. Each of the two is in direct opposition to the other. Weber believed that ‘power is hierarchical, that there are individuals in control and others who take instructions from those in their ‘line of command’ (Fergusson and Hughes, 2006, pp.26). Obedience is not automatic, only where authority is perceived as legitimate authority would one be willing to comply with the commands. Weber termed his concept of power as bureaucratic power where there is a central source of authority which others would comply to providing that the one in authority functions without prejudice. Notably no special knowledge or skill is required all that is needed is the ‘institutional position’ (pp.31). Allen (2004) notes that the ‘legitimate basis of patriarchal authority is notably different to Weber’s bureaucratic authority. Weber, himself, presented two distinct differences in patriarchal domination and bureaucratic domination. Firstly, Weber notes that ‘where bureaucratic domination is based on an official’s commitment to a sense of impersonal duty, the former relies upon the personal authority of the male head of the household.’ The male head of the family possesses authority based on ‘natural and enduring’ personal relations (pp.31). Thus, the second difference is that ‘patriarchal authority is rooted in traditi on passed down from one generation to the next and bolstered by filial bonds. The obedience of the wife and children to the male head is said to derive from dutiful conduct rather than from a set of rules established on an abstract, rational basis’ (pp.31). Foucault, on the other hand, viewed power as ‘never in any one person’s hands.’ Power is seen not as ‘any obvious willed manner, but something within our psyche which

Perceptions of Marriage in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays Chaucer Papers

Perceptions of Marriage in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚   Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales demonstrate many different attitudes toward and perceptions of marriage.   Some of these ideas are very traditional, such as that discussed in the Franklin's Tale, and others are more liberal such as the marriages portrayed in the Miller's and the Wife of Bath's Tales.   While several of these tales are rather comical, they do indeed give us a representation of the attitudes toward marriage at that time in history.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D.W. Robertson, Jr. calls marriage "the solution to the problem of love, the force which directs the will which is in turn the source of moral action" (Andrew, 88).   Marriage in Chaucer's time meant a union between spirit and flesh and was thus part of the marriage between Christ and the Church (88).   The Canterbury Tales show many abuses of this sacred bond, as will be discussed below.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, the Miller's Tale is a story of adultery in which a lecherous clerk, a vain clerk and an old husband, whose outcome shows the consequences of their abuses of marriage, including Nicholas' interest in astrology and Absalon's refusal to accept offerings from the ladies, as well as the behaviors of both with regards to Alison.   Still, Alison does what she wants, she takes Nicholas because she wants to, just as she ignores Absalon because she wants to. Lines 3290-5 of the Miller's Tale show Alison's blatant disrespect for her marriage to "Old John" and her planned deceit:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That she hir love hym graunted atte laste,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And swoor hir ooth, by seint Thomas of Kent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That she wol been at his comandement,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whan that she may hir leyser wel espie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That but ye wayte wel and been privee..."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the contrary, Alison's husband loved her more than his own life, although he felt foolish for marrying her since she was so young and skittish. This led him to keep a close watch on her whenever possible.   The Miller's main point in his story is that if a man gets what he wants from God or from his wife, he won't ask questions or become jealous; he is after his own sexual pleasure

Essay for Santa Monica

I have attended Salesman Demised University and graduated with a Bachelor Degree of Mechanical Engineering on July 3rd 2009. Before graduating, I manage to attend an internship in a manufacturing company that specializes in the auto industry of my field. Throughout my experience in this company, I saw that my English wasn't good enough to communicate with other business people who visited our company when they ask question about our product and I couldn't explain to them better.Therefore, I decided to come to America to study English professionally because I learn from experience that English language Is the common point everywhere I go. It Is use to communicate to everyone especially In my career. If I learn to speak fluently, I can communicate better with the people In the Industry of mechanical engineering and together with other nationality. Coming to America for the first time In my life, I was enrolled In the IF International Language School.I have enjoyed the school but It's t o Like academic program where I can actually study more seriously compare to IF International School. So I visited few colleges in Los Angles area and I found out about El Camino College and I asked few students who study in the campus about the English program. And I was told that Santa Monica College has a great learning for English program in Los Angles. Then I visited Santa Monica campus and I saw the difference. I like the atmosphere of the campus and it's very close to the beach.There are also many different nationalities that I saw who attended Santa Monica College and they all say that it has good credibility to transfer too university. Once I finish learning professional English, I also would like to do Business Administration so I can expand my parent's family business globally. Therefore, I would like to apply for your college to fulfill my dreams. If I will be given a chance to attend your school institution, it will be a big dream comes true for me and my family who sup port me from a thousand miles away. I will be one of the happiest person from the country of Turkey.

The causes and effects of job satisfaction - 2087 Words

MGN412 Organisational Behaviour Assessment 2 Literature Review Student name: Tongtong ZHU Student No.: n8912386 Word count: 1787 (without reference) Due time: Thursday, 01/05/2014 From the perspective of research and practice, job satisfaction has received significant attention from the fields of management, social psychology, and practical operations in recent years. Formally defined, job satisfaction is a psychological disposition resulting from one’s tasks as well as attitude to the physical and social conditions of the workplace. Meanwhile, it also indicates the degree to which employees’ expectations are fulfilled (Wood, J. M., 2013, p. 60). Today, as business faces tough†¦show more content†¦Contrary to some commonly held practitioner beliefs, the nature of the work itself is the most notable situational effect on job satisfaction, which is often called â€Å"intrinsic job characteristics† (Saari, L. M., Judge, T. A., 2004, p. 397). Previous research founded that the nature of work itself is regarded as the most important job factor in general when employees are asked to evaluate different facets of their job. For instance, a study of Kovach (1995) examined that interesting work was ranked the most important job attribute. Therefore, the nature of the work situation is not only a cause of job satisfaction but also related to outcomes like employee retention. Conversely, Sutherland (2013) noted that some studies identify job characteristics as the determinant factors of job satisfaction may be empirical. According to Sutherland, job satisfaction may differ across employment status groups such as the self-employed and those in waged work. A second major manager or HR practitioner knowledge gap is in the area of understanding the results of job satisfaction. Laxmikant (2013) argued that employee’s behaviour would affect organizational operations according to the employee’s score of job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. In other words, job satisfaction can be expressed through positive behaviour and job dissatisfaction through negative behaviour.Show MoreRelatedPaths Analysis : Path Analysis1232 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween observed measure variables. Path analysis is use to analyze models that are more complex and realistic than multiple regression. The predicting order for variables in multiple regression models are X causes Y but in path analysis the predicting order for variables is X causes Y, Y causes Z (Grimm Yarnold, 2000). Path analysis tests a hypothesized causal model among a set of variables based on findings of previous research. Causal modeling in path analysis refers to an assumption of th e modelRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Its Effect On The Job Satisfaction Of Employees Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagestheir emotions, and is shown to have positive outcomes for an organisation. Manager emotional intelligence is thought to have an effect on the job satisfaction of employees, which could be due to behaviour or leadership styles. It is inconclusive which of these reasons, if any, are the cause of the positive correlation due to the lack of overwhelming support for any one cause and the biases of the studies. Emotional intelligence was referred to by Mayer and Salovey (1997) as a set of abilities to doRead MoreEmployee Job Satisfaction Has A Large Impact On Their Organization806 Words   |  4 PagesEmployee job satisfaction has a large impact on their organization. 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Using utility theory, in particular the concepts of marginal utility and marginal rate of substitution the author analyzes how the job satisfaction and wages of family employees differ from those of regularRead MoreBenefits Of Building And Regain Employees Trust1246 Words   |  5 Pagesabout anymore? Employees come to work each day with the fear of being laid off. They don’t feel valued for the skills and knowledge they have, but rather like pawns on a chess board-moved in and out of departments at their manager’s will. Many jobs have moved to other locations or are being outsourced, with employees given an end date months out with no retention packages. 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The productivity could either be positive or negative while the relationship between the productivity and satisfaction may not be consistent. There are multiple internal and external factors of job satisfaction that can impact the behavior of an employee and engagement over time. The way the worker’s attitude concerning their field effects the perfo rmance they perform on a daily basis. One who is satisfied with the job they maintain, succeed at whatRead MoreJob Satisfaction and Its Consequences1577 Words   |  7 PagesJOB SATISFACTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES JOB SATISFACTION AND ABSENTEEISM WHY DOESN’T JOB SATISFACTION HAVE A STRONGER RELATIONSHIP WITH ABSENTEEISM? A person may attend work even when dissatisfied with her job because she cannot afford economically to miss work. A person may be absent from his job when satisfied with his job because of a number of reasons such as personal illness, illness of a child, transportation issues (i.e., car broken down). In such circumstances, he may wantRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Method1438 Words   |  6 Pageslevels of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in employees of various sectors of an organization. This report will contain information about the sample and research procedure. In addition, this report will look at the instruments involved, how the data is analyzed and last but not least, the solutions and recommendations at the summary of this report. Several surveys are available about different organization found from the research authors, for example, ‘Impact of Demographic Variables on Job-SatisfactionRead MoreA Review of the Relationship between the Workplace Learning and Development Opportunities with the Employee’s Psychological Well-being.1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroductio n A pre-approved topic on the relationship of workplace learning and development opportunities with job satisfaction and psychological well-being (lesser burnout) among the employees was presented in a graduate class of the MAIS 645, 2014. An overwhelming response elicited the author to further elaborate and corroborate the topic by conducting a review. Thus, this paper hypothesizes that the availability of the workplace learning and development opportunities influences the psychological

Ap History Essay example - 1048 Words

Zinn Questions – A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn Chapter 1 – Columbus, the Indians and Human Purpose 1. According to Zinn, what is the main purpose for writing A Peoples History of the United States? * Zinns purpose for writing this book is because he wants to tell the various point of views of the common people. 2. What is Zinns thesis for pages 1-11? * Zinns thesis for the first eleven pages is to tell/ describe events the way they happened. He starts with Columbus but he doesn’t complement him for being a hero but as a fake. He described him as he was. 3. According to Zinn, how is Columbus portrayed in traditional history books? * Columbus was portrayed as a hero, a peaceful explorer,†¦show more content†¦8. What was the ultimate fate for the Arawak Indians? * The ultimate fate for the Arawak Indians was death. They either died of sickness or were killed. Most of the Arawak Indians died on ships because of the living conditions. Others were killed because they couldn’t complete a difficult task appo inted to them. 9. What was the significance of Quetzalcoatl? * Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec God that was said to come back in human form. When the Spaniards encountered the Aztecs the people thought that it was Quetzalcoatl. This made it easy for the Spaniards to gain a good foothold on the new world. But Herman Cortez then started a death march through the towns turning Aztec against Aztec. 10. Compare the strategies and motives underlying the conquest if the Aztecs by Cortez and the conquest of the Incas by Pizzaro. * The tactics were the same and for the same reasons the empires were conquered -- frenzy in the early capitalist states of Europe for gold, for slaves, for products of the soil, to spur growth in wealth. 11. What were the major causes of war between Powhatans and the English settlers? * The major cause for was in was in the winter of 1610, some English settlers ran away to the Powhatans village to be at least fed. When the summer came, the colonies governor sent a messe nger to the village to take back the English settlers but they wouldn’tShow MoreRelatedAp History Compare and Contrast Essay: Egypt and Mesopotamia1296 Words   |  6 PagesEthan Sua 10/16/10 Mr. McGrath AP World History A Compare and Contrast Essay of Egypt and Mesopotamia Egypt and Mesopotamia developed different and similar political and religious civilizations. Mesopotamian civilizations such as the Sumerians, the Akkadian kingdom, the Assyrian empire and the Babylonian city-state, were all too dependent on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 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Early in Greek history, only the wealthy and wellborn had the rights of full citizenship, but middle- and lower-class men gradually obtained these rights in some city-states. †¢ Nowhere was participation universal. The widest participation occurred in Athens beginning inRead MoreAp Us History Definitions1466 Words   |  6 PagesAs a result, the Church of England has had a huge influence on modern day religion, and politics, and still exists today. †¢Columbian Exchange – This exchange between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere may be one of the most significant events in history. It was the exchange of many fruits and vegetables, in addition to animals, medicines, and diseases. 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To tell history from the viewpoint of the victims and not overlooking what the country has done to become what they are today. It includes the cruelty and hardships the people had to go through. 2. What is Zinns thesis for pages 1-11? He will be as blunt as he can to show what history hasRead Moreap us history dbq1672 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿1.All of the following statements are true about Herbert Hoover’s responses to the Great Depression EXCEPT: B.:-) He saw the Depression as akin to an act of nature, about which nothing could be done except to ride it out. 2.Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal program attempted or achieved all of the following EXCEPT C.:-) supported the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. 3.The â€Å"New Immigration† was made up primarily of D.:-) persons from Southern and Eastern Europe. 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There is indeed a benefit to studying history in this way, since it gives a hands-on account of what was there 12,000 years ago, allowing us to see and deduce for ourselves how ancient civilizations operated. 1B: The first civilizations formed at around 10,000 BCE, when humans settled around the Fertile Crescent to plant crops likeRead MorePre Ap World History II950 Words   |  4 PagesShelby Thomas Mrs. Voorhees Pre-AP World History II 10 March 2017 Adolf Eichmann On March 19th, 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Adolf Eichmann, stood at the head of one-hundred and forty military vehicles. It was his twenty-eighth birthday. On this day, he was doing no other than finding Hungary’s 750,000 Jewish individuals; deciding if anyone was physically fit to be transferred to labor camps or to be executed on the spot. Contrary to popular belief, Karl Adolf Eichmann was the enforcer of the